SPECIAL ISSUE 2 July 2026
DOI DOI: 10.66434/ijspsy.v1i2si.476

Incorporating social media into self-directed learning to enhance student resilience, well-being, and peer collaboration in the rural context

Abstract

Globally, social media has become an indispensable communication platform that not only reshapes personal interactions and organisational practices but also enables Open Distance eLearning (ODeL) students to navigate limited connectivity and resource constraints by providing accessible network spaces for teaching and learning. Thus, this study explores how rural ODeL students use social media to maintain Self-directed learning (SDL) and foster collaboration, thereby influencing their resilience and well-being. Drawing on the diffusion of Innovations theory and connectivism theory, the study employs a qualitative content analysis of publicly available posts and interactions from social media platforms such as Facebook and TikTok to investigate the lived experience of rural ODeL students who use social media for SDL and moral support. Moreover, a reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop themes and analyse the selected social media data. Findings reveal that despite technostress and information overload, there are relative advantages and compatibility in using social media to supplement learning management systems, while enhancing student networking, collaborative troubleshooting, empowerment, a sense of belonging, and fostering student resilience.

How to Cite

Masedi, T. J., & Malatji, E. J. (2026). Incorporating social media into self-directed learning to enhance student resilience, well-being, and peer collaboration in the rural context. International Journal of Studies in Psychology, 1(2si), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.66434/ijspsy.v1i2si.476

References

  1. Alenezi, S. M. (2022). Tertiary level English language teachers' use of, and attitudes to alternative and online assessments during the Covid-19 outbreak. International Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 16, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.46300/9109.2022.16.4
  2. Asenahabi, B. M. (2019). Basics of research design: A guide to selecting an appropriate research design. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches, 6(5), 76–89.
  3. Baloyi, N. C., & Malatji, E.J. (2023). Curriculum Development for Online Teaching and Learning: Academics’ Perspectives from A Rural-Based University in South Africa. African Perspectives of Research in Teaching & Learning, 7(1), 169–183.
  4. Baloyi, N. C., & Malatji, E. J. (2022). University Students’ Perceptions in Using social media for Teaching and Learning in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. African Perspectives of Research in Teaching & Learning, 6(2), 125–138.
  5. Banna, J., Lin, M. F. G., Stewart, M., & Fialkowski, M. K. (2015). Interaction matters: Strategies to promote engaged learning in an online introductory nutrition course. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching/MERLOT, 11(2), 249–261.
  6. Benson, P. (2021). Language learning environments: Spatial perspectives on SLA (Vol. 147). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788924917
  7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis. Qualitative Psychology, 9(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000196
  8. Brookfield, S. (2013). Teaching for critical thinking. Handbook of Research on Teaching and Learning in K-20 Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.4018/javet.2013010101
  9. Boima, A., & Oyedemi, T. (2024). Media framing of'Black Tax'in South Africa. Communitas, 29, 176–190. https://doi.org/10.38140/com.v29i.8499
  10. Byrne, D. (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Quality & Quantity, 56(3), 1391–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
  11. Call, D. R., & Herber, D. R. (2022). Applicability of the diffusion of innovation theory to accelerate model‐based systems engineering adoption. Systems Engineering, 25(6), 574-583. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21638.
  12. Casquero, O., Ovelar, R., Romo, J., Benito, M., & Alberdi, M. (2016). Students' personal networks in virtual and personal learning environments: A case study in higher education using learning analytics approach. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2013.817441
  13. Chaka, C., Nkhobo, T., & Lephalala, M. (2020). Leveraging Moyama, WhatsApp, and online discussion forum to support students at an open and distance e-learning university. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 18(6), 494–515. https://doi.org/10.34190/JEL.18.6.003
  14. Creswell, J. W. (2024). My 35 years in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 18(3), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898241253892
  15. Dearing, J. W., & Cox, J. G. (2018). Diffusion of innovations theory, principles, and practice. Health Affairs, 37(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104
  16. Downes, S. (2022). Connectivism. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), 58–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6173510
  17. Fazel, M. (2024). Eating disorders and social media use in the Oxwell Student Survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 63(10), S365–S366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2024.07.367
  18. Green, A. U., & Ezenwa, I. V. (2026). Accessism: An Epistemology of Exposure and Accessibility. Journal of Social Science and Human Research Studies, 2(03), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-jsshrs/V2E3/2026-09
  19. Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 581–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x
  20. Hunter, M. (2019). Race for education. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108635189
  21. Hendricks, G. P. (2019). Connectivism as a learning theory and its relation to open distance education. Progressio, 41(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-5895/4773
  22. Jaspal, R. (2024). Identity resilience, relationships, and life satisfaction: Data from two cross-sectional survey studies in the United Kingdom. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 46(4), 856–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-024-09578-9
  23. Lim, W. M. (2025). What is qualitative research? An overview and guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal, 33(2), 199–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
  24. Liton, H. A. (2021). Social media tools accentuating self-directed personal learning trajectories: Underpinning autonomous learning hub: Advance. https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.13669196.v1
  25. Long, H. B. (2000). Understanding self-direction in learning. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Practice and theory in self-directed learning (pp. 11–24). Motorola University Press.
  26. Malatji, E. J. (2019). The impact of social media in conserving African Languages amongst youth in Limpopo Province (Unpublished PhD thesis), Polokwane: University of Limpopo, South Africa.
  27. Malatji, E., & Lesame, C. (2019). The use of South African languages by youth on social media: The case of Limpopo Province. Communicare: Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa, 38(1), 76–95. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v38i1.1545
  28. Malatji, E. J., Baloyi, N. C., Mapulane, M. G., Mangaka, A. C., & Muthambi, R. (2024). Promoting the use of the Nama language on YouTube in a democratic South Africa. In F. O. Makananise & S. E. Madima (Eds.), Decolonising Digital Media and Indigenisation of Participatory Epistemologies (pp. 186–201). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003496991-15
  29. Malatji, E. J., & Makananise, F. O. (2026). Deconstructing Challenges of Social Media Listeners’ Participation in Thobela FM Sedibeng and Moremogolo Programmes. Journal of African Films and Diaspora Studies, 9(1), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-2713/2026/v9n1a11
  30. McKinney, P. (2021). Web 2.0 tools and information literacy instruction in UK university libraries: Hype or reality? Journal of Information Literacy, 15(2), 124–149. https://doi.org/10.11645/15.2.2821
  31. Mkhasibe, R., & Ajani, O. (2024). Investigating how AI can support self-directed learning for student teachers in African rural universities-prospects, challenges, and future. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, 4(44), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.4(44).2024.3117
  32. Moodley, P., & Cloete, J. (2024). Self-directed learning of rural first-generation South African undergraduates: A social constructionist perspective on autonomy, competence, and relatedness. African Perspectives of Research in Teaching and Learning Journal, 2(8), 133–147. https://hdl.handle.net/10210/512227
  33. Mudau, P. K., & Modise, M. M. (2022). Using e-portfolios for active student engagement in the ODeL environment. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 21, 425–438. https://doi.org/10.28945/5012
  34. Mpungose, C. B. (2025). E-learning platforms at ODeL institutions of higher education: creating a real-world learning. Education and Information Technologies, 30(12), 17207-17223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13447-2
  35. Pimdee, P., Ridhikerd, A., Moto, S., Siripongdee, S., & Bengthong, S. (2023). How social media and peer learning influence student-teacher self-directed learning in an online world under the ‘New Normal’. Heliyon, 9(3), e13769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13769
  36. Rogers, E. M. (2004). A prospective and retrospective look at the diffusion model. Journal of Health Communication, 9(S1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730490271449
  37. Sharma, L. R., Bidari, S., Bidari, D., Neupane, S., & Sapkota, R. (2023). Exploring the mixed methods research design: types, purposes, strengths, challenges, and criticisms. Global Academic Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 5(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.36348/gajll.2023.v05i01.002
  38. Ssekiziyivu, B., Mukoki, J., & Musoke, E. (2023). Adopting social media for learning among university students: a developing country perspective. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(8), 5007–5020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1992638
  39. Sundani, N., Mangaka, A. C., & Mamokhere, J. (2022). Social media as a campaign tool against online gender-based violence in South Africa. ScienceRise, 5(82), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2022.002713
  40. Tanyanyiwa, V. I., & Madobi, R. (2021). Challenges to the effective teaching and learning of geography through ODeL at the Zimbabwe Open University. Journal of Learning for Development, 8(2), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v8i2.427
  41. van de Venter R. (2022). Enhancing student engagement during online learning: a South African experience. In K. Holmes & P. Hogg (Eds.), Reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic (pp. 206–210). International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists.
  42. Venter, E. (2019). Challenges for meaningful interpersonal communication in a digital era. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 75(1), e5339. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5339
  43. Venturino, M., & Hsu, Y. C. (2022). Using WhatsApp to enhance international distance education at the University of South Africa. TechTrends, 66(3), 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00718-9
  44. Wang, Y., Cao, Y., Gong, S., Wang, Z., Li, N., & Ai, L. (2022). Interaction and learning engagement in online learning: the mediating roles of online learning self-efficacy and academic emotions. Learning and Individual Differences, 94, 102128. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LINDIF.2022.102128
  45. Wiese, M. (2026). The Role of Social Media in Online Shopper Behaviour: Insights from South Africa. Journal of African Business, 27(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2025.2549214